Police now recording their own videos of incidents

The RS3-SX body worn video camera by Reveal Media is being used in trial studies in Edmonton, Alta. and Amherstburg, Ont. (Courtesy Integrys/Reveal Media)

The weekend shooting by police of a teenager on a streetcar in Toronto raises once again the issue of police and video. That incident was recorded by bystanders but what about police recording their own video?

Video and policing first intersected in a big way in 1991, when George Holliday recorded Los Angeles police officers surrounding and beating Rodney King. Four of the officers were tried and acquitted.

Canada has had the death of Robert Dziekanski in 2007 after being shocked with a stun gun by RCMP officers, the G8/G20 protests in Toronto in 2010, the Vancouver Stanley Cup riots in 2011 and other events in which video played a big part.

Now police forces around the world record their own video using in-vehicle video and body-worn video cameras (BWV).

BWV trials underway in Edmonton and Ontario

Police in Edmonton, Alta., and Amherstburg, Ont., are currently conducting trials of BWV.

Friends, family and outraged citizens took part in a protest march on Monday evening, following the shooting of 18-year-old Sammy Yatim on a TTC streetcar two days earlier. (Steven D'Souza/CBC)

Edmonton police are in the midst of a $450,000, three-year pilot project with BWV. Fifty officers are currently equipped with BWV and another six will get the equipment next month, Mary Stratton, the coordinator of the Body Worn Video Pilot Project told CBC News.

The Edmonton Police Service wants "objective evidence of pros and cons and the costs and benefits of this kind of technology," she said.

Stratton highlights some of the issues with BWV: privacy, when to start recording in a dynamic situation, when to inform people you are recording, what situations are inappropriate to record.

The report on Edmonton's study is due by the end of 2014.

The trials in both Edmonton and Amherstburg are using the RS3-SX camera from Reveal Media in the U.K. Seattle-based Vievu is one of the larger companies selling BWV systems.

The cameras sell for $700 to $1,200 and should go down in price, Brian Flippance, the president of Integrys told CBC News. Integrys is a technology distributor that sells Reveal Media cameras in Canada.

The RS3-SX is a self-contained unit with an LCD display of what the camera is recording that someone looking at the police officer can see.

Taser International Inc. makes a camera that police can mount on a pair of glasses. Ottawa Police have been using a Taser model equipped with a video camera since 2009.

In Amherstburg, just one of the 20 police officers is equipped with BWV during their trial, and for just 30 days.

Police Chief Tim Berthiaume told the Windsor Star that BWV "is one tool of being accountable and being open and being transparent."

Pros and cons of BWV

Paul Cook, the president of the Ontario Association of Chiefs of Police, explained the advantages and disadvantages to CBC News.

On the plus side is the video evidence that can be used in court, "the opportunity to protect officers from false allegations of misconduct, and also provide us with the opportunity to hold our officers accountable if there was misconduct," he said.

Cook, who's also the police chief in North Bay, said the big disadvantage is the cost of purchasing the technology and maintaining it. And police forces need to weigh BWV against other technology like mobile workstations in cruisers, in-vehicle video, using technology for traffic enforcement and so on.

He also noted concerns from a privacy standpoint and issues about securing and maintaining the recordings.

Far fewer use-of-force incidents and public complaints

Victoria police conducted a study in 2009 that "greatly supports" BWV, but in the end they did not acquire it, largely because of the cost.

Many of the videos recorded during the study became evidence in criminal cases, many of them leading to convictions, almost all of them by way of a guilty plea.

The report states that "Public hostility/aggressiveness decreased" and "Public complaints were reduced to zero during the test period."

For the police officers, the video provided them with a more accurate account of the incident and improved the quality of the evidence they could submit, according to the report.

British and American research has also found an increase in arrests and charges, a reduction in public complaints and positive public response to BWV. The first pilot projects were conducted in the U.K. in 2005.

Perhaps the most highly regarded report is from Rialto, Calif., which found the number of use-of-force incidents was cut in half when officers used the cameras.

And the number of citizens' complaints during the trial was one-tenth what it was during the 12 months previous.

Farrar says the cameras are now standard issue for police operations in his city of 100,000.

Police unions divided

In Ottawa, both the Defence Counsel Association and the local Police Association have come out in favour of BWV. "Judicially we have become so much under attack that I think it's important to have our side explained," Matthew Skof, President of the Ottawa Police Association told CBC News in 2012.

Toronto Police Association president Mike McCormack says his union opposes officers using body worn video. (Nathan Denette/Canadian Press)

Mike McCormack, head of the Toronto Police Association, told the Toronto Star in May that his union opposes BWV.

"We don’t think it protects officers any more against complaints or protects the officers any more in gathering evidence in what they do," he said.

"I believe we have sufficient accountability,” McCormack added.

Inspector Steve Goodier of Hampshire Police in the U.K. told Police Oracle, a website used by every UK police force, that it's officers asking for BWV.

“It is not something that has been pushed down. Officers are finding that the cameras protect them and help them with their job, which is why they are really willing to use them," the website quotes him.

And the U.K.'s Minister of State for Police, Damian Green, said in a July 9 speech that he wants to see more forces using BWV. "Evidence shows up to 90 per cent of suspects plead guilty when they see the recorded evidence," he said.

Flippance and other experts have told CBC News that an additional argument in favor of BWV is that people behave differently when they know they are being videotaped, both the civilian and the officer. "It calms down the situation," Flippance says.

Another issue is who has access to the recordings. In the U.S., police unions have expressed concerns about their superiors' using the videos to monitor officers' daily routine or search for minor infractions.

For civilians, Seattle resident Eric Rachner's 2008 arrest may be instructive. He won a $60,000 lawsuit because the police were reluctant to turn over video shot from a squad car camera, video Rachner said would prove that he'd been the victim of an illegal arrest.

"They really don't want to give it out unless it is just a clear-cut example of something that supports what the officer said, or tends to show that the arrestee is guilty," Rachner told National Public Radio.